Some hereditary leukoencephalopathies are caused by vascular diseases. These diseases include cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), which is caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the NOTCH3 gene and characterized by:
- Episodes of recurrent ischemic stroke associated with cognitive decline that progresses to dementia
- Migraine with aura
- Psychiatric disorders
- Diffuse white matter lesions
- Subcortical infarcts on neuroimaging, with typical involvement of the anterior temporal lobes.